Discipline, Suspension & Termination

Terminating is not anything to lose sleep over nor is it a rocket science if you have done your job. There are many reasons behind termination of an employee for example theft, gross insubordination, and severe economic difficulties. When an organization let’s some one go because of their poor performance, they tend to avoid the situation as long as they can. When finally they do talk to the individual after agonizing endlessly ultimately deliver the bad news. In the end even the organization’s management feels guilty and angry and so is the employee all angry and confused.In my opinion, the organization handled the situation in a very unprofessional manner. As even the vice president did not even bother to comment on the case of Peter Oiler. The right procedure was to sit and discuss with the employee first, as he was an hard working individual who did his job thoroughly, but it was due to his misconduct after work for which he was terminated. And this led to job insec urity among the other employees of the organization, because now they would think that if they can terminate san employee so easily, it might be their turn next.The organization did win in the court of law but they did lose in the court of public and employee opinion. But, then again the organization did stick to its decision of terminating the employee and they followed through it even though they had no support of the public or the employees. The organization should have had a proper disciplinary policy, clearly stating the off duty behaviour that can lead to termination, this would have definitely made their decision easier and also would have helped them in court.The employee should always be given a second chance and if they still don’t improve or don’t change their behavior then the organization has the right to terminate an employee. But all employees of the organization should be provided with a copy of the disciplinary policy which includes the on duty and off duty behaviour and if they act against it the organization definitely has all the right to terminate the employee. Not only should appropriate steps be taken during the course of termination, but before and after as well.Make sure the employee is being terminated for the right reasons. The reasons for terminating an employee must always be legally defensible one. For example if an employee’s job performance is sub-par or they have engaged in improper behavior, a termination decision would be legitimate. As long as the organization has documentation to support their decision, they are in the clear. Secondly, before discharging an employee make sure that the organization has fully documented their history of poor performance or conduct.This will help in defending legal claims easier. An organization should always consider the alternatives to termination. In some cases of course termination is necessary, but if work quality issues, work relationships, or outside personal proble ms appear to be the source of an employee’s poor performance or misconduct considers alternatives such as reassignment or counseling. It is never easy to decide what to do in matters which involve off duty conduct. There is no right or wrong answer for that.What HR can provide is fair policies that should be strictly followed. Although terminating an employee is an unpleasant task, not to mention tricky, following the few guidelines listed above will definitely help to simplify the process and defend the organization from any legal liability. Putting some extra effort and thought into the decision, as well as indoctrinating your managers with proper termination procedures, will go a long way in ensuring that the termination procedure goes efficiently.

International development project analysis Essay

Introduction: – †¢ New science, technologies and ideas are crucial for the achievement of the goals, but global research investments are insufficient to match needs and do not focus on the priorities of the poor. †¢ Many technological and policy innovations require an international scale of research effort. †¢ DFID’s (Department for International Development) Central Research Department (CRD) commissions research to help fill this gap, aiming to ensure tangible outcomes on the livelihoods of the poor. †¢ CRD seeks to influence the international and UK research agendas, putting poverty reduction and the needs of the poor at the forefront of global research efforts. †¢ CRD manages long-term research initiatives that cut across individual countries or regions, and only funds activities if there are clear opportunities and mechanisms for the research to have a significant impact on poverty. †¢ CRD works closely with DFID’s Chief Scientific Adviser to maintain external links, particularly with UK Science, Whitehall and political stakeholders, to promote DFID’s agenda. †¢ DFID is seeking views to help it develop a new research strategy 2008-2013. Your chance to get involved When developing policies, it is recognized that consulting with a wide range of interested groups helps to ensure that the impact of its proposals on different sectors of society is taken into account. Public consultations are carried out wherever possible as recommended in the Code of Practice on Consultations by the Cabinet Office in January 2004. The Code aims to increase the involvement of individuals and groups in public consultations, minimizing the burden it imposes on them, and giving them enough time to respond. This guidance is used in conjunction with the compact between the government and the voluntary and community sector which includes a specific code of good practice on ‘Consultation and Policy Appraisal’. If you would like to take part in DFID public consultations, information will be posted on these pages. . . . Page-2 Page-2 Consultation The Cabinet Office is conducting a review of Consultation Policy to see how Government consultations can be improved and is keen to hear your views. As the centre–piece of this review, Hilary Armstrong MP, Minister for the Cabinet Office and Social Exclusion, has launched a paper entitled â€Å"Effective Consultation† to seek evidence on Government consultations. The consultation is aimed at anyone with an interest in responding to government consultation exercises, from those who regularly respond to the Government’s consultations to those who might be interested in doing so. These might include business organizations, voluntary and charitable sector organizations, campaigning bodies, trades unions, citizens, etc. The Better Regulation Executive is keen to meet with people who have experience of Government consultations and to discuss with them how Government consultations can be improved. The BRE is therefore organizing a series of events with Government Offices including two, larger, public seminars on the subject. †¢ Annual Reports: Assessment of performance on government consultations. †¢ Code of Practice: The Cabinet Office Code of Practice on Consultation sets out the basic principles for conducting effective Government consultations. †¢ Consultation Guidance: Guidance for running consultations in government. †¢ Current Cabinet Office Consultations: A list of current Cabinet Office consultations with links for more information. †¢ Government Consultations: Links to departmental consultation websites. †¢ Effective Consultation Events: Further details on the Better Regulation Executive’s program of Consultation events. The following eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were agreed at the United Nations Millennium Summit in September 2000 and nearly 190 countries have subsequently signed up to them. The eight Millennium Development Goals: 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. 2. Achieve universal primary education. 3. Promote gender equality and empower women. 4. Reduce child mortality. 5. Improve maternal health. 6. Combat HIV and AIDS, malaria and other diseases. 7. Ensure environmental sustainability. 8. Develop a global partnership for development. . . . Page-3 Page-3 REPORTS AND FORMATS Annual Report Format for DFID-contracted Research Programmes Front cover with Title of Research Programme, Reference Number and the Period Covered by the report. Include a table of contents, annexes, etc. , as necessary. 1. Background Information Title of Research Programme: Reference Number: Period covered by report: Name of lead institution and Director: Key partners: Countries covered by research: Planned Actual Start Date: End Date: Total programme budget: 2. One page summary (A narrative focussing on two main questions: (i) How far have intended outputs as listed in the logframe been achieved? And (ii) What is the impact of the research programme so far? ) 3. Key Themes – Progress towards outputs and impact What are the research outputs? Outputs OVIs Progress Recommendations/Comments Where are the research impacts? Purpose OVIs Progress Recommendations/Comments 4. Lessons learnt †¢ Working with Partners †¢ Good Practice/Innovation †¢ Project/programme Management †¢ Communication 5. Programme Management Annual Report Summary sheet for R4D 1. Background Information Title of research programme: Reference Number: Period covered by report: Name of lead institution and Director: Key partners: Countries covered by research: Start Date for research programme: End Date for research programme: 2. One page summary 3. Products and Publications Inception Phase Report Format Front cover with Title of Research Programme, Reference Number and the Period Covered by the report. Include a table of contents, annexes, etc. , as necessary. 1. Background Information Title of research programme: Reference Number: Period covered by report: Name of lead institution and Director: Key partners: Countries to be covered by research: 2. A document of overall plans to complement your research proposal and setting out: †¢ Themes. †¢ Planned activities. †¢ Areas for development during life of the research program. †¢ Where appropriate, a response to referees comments on the original research proposal and/or any comments or note of endorsement from the CAG/CARG. 3. Finalized log frame 4. Plans for capacity development 5. The Management structure for the research program 6. Ongoing monitoring arrangements for the research program 7. Communication strategy 8. Annual activity plan 9. Detailed financial plan.

China and India Essay

Classical China and India had differences and similarities in religion, society, and technology/ inventions. In China, there were 3 major religions while in India there were only two. China had three social groups in which the people were placed. India had the Caste system that included five levels. The people of Classical China invented some important items while in India, major advances in astronomy, medicine, and math were being made. China’s religious and philosophical views were different from India’s because they had distinct faiths. China’s major religions/ philosophies were Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism which focused on peace with the world and worship of ancestors. India’s major religions, Hinduism and Buddhism emphasized reincarnation. Although different religions, both Chinese and Indian lives were the same in that religion formed a big part of their day, whether Confucianism, Legalism, Daoism, Hinduism, or Buddhism, a lot of time was devoted to worshiping their faith. India and China both used a system of grouping people socially. Even though different methods, the people lived according to their group. Most of the religions like Hinduism, Confucianism, and Legalism accepted these social groups. India’s Caste system consisted of five levels. Moving up in a social class was nearly impossible in both China and India. In the Caste system, the people were arranged in hierarchical and patriarchal levels. On the other hand, the three social classes of China were: the landowners, the peasants, and at the bottom were the mean people. When it comes to advances in intellectuality and inventions that influenced our world today, China and India were very different. China and India were different in intellectual advances because they gradually made a move forward, but in different fields. China invented paper, a major item still used today. To help make the production of crops easier, the Chinese invented the water powered mill. Another grand advance of classical China was an accurate calendar still used in China today. While in India, they were making life changing discoveries. In astronomy, they determined the length of our solar year, they identified the seven planets, and they calculated the circumference of our planet earth. Because of infections and diseases, they developed vaccines to immunize and protect their population. Classical India also learned to sterilize wounds. India and China had different levels of thinking, but both made important discoveries that impacted the world. In conclusion, China and India were very different, yet alike in many aspects. They were different in religion, society, technology, and inventions. These differences and similarities made up the classical civilizations of India and China.

Have women achieved equality with men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Have women achieved equality with men - Essay Example This is because it has always been one of the root causes behind the segregation between men and women. They both can work together to achieve their individual as well as collective goals yet the inequality arises all of a sudden and mars the whole phenomenon essentially. Plants and offices have of late been filled by women who were reckoned by the authorities as of less efficiency as compared to their male counterparts some years back. This has changed for the better and more and more companies in the world of today are recruiting female candidates for suitable positions within their staff. Apart from this positive change in mindset of the companies and businesses, there have been some pretty negative points attached to the same notion moreover. The top one of these aspects is the indiscriminate attitude of the staff towards the women working in the offices which has given birth to gender issues like the sexual harassment and racial vilification ones. In the present day workplace situation, white men have encouraged the selection of white women as well as minority group members but there is a totally different posture when the selection of black community staffing within these companies starts making waves. (Author Unknown, 2001) Gender is a word, which describes the characteristics and attributes that are culturally accredited with women and men. It is pretty different and distinct from sex, which in its own entirety means the physical characteristics that make up one biologically either a male or a female. Structuralists have been in agreement with seeing the gender as a product of universal cultural laws and customs of the languages that shape up a cultural utterance and assertion. Consequently, structuralism accounts for the gender that focuses on the traditional contour of the male hero as somewhat of an â€Å"active subject† and the heroine (from the female sex) as rather

P&O Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

P&O - Assignment Example ompany can advertise after sidelining all difficulties and after getting 100 percent surety that no new problems are about to occur and I am sure that the old customers would definitely get attracted toward this goodwill of the company as they are taking all the customers on no profit. 1b. 1b. The buyers are the people who are adventurous and who can really pay all they have in order to be on the voyage, you can see that there are numerous of people who have their life savings and also there life incentives on the line just to get the great feeling and pleasure of such a wonderful tour, each and everyone got attracted towards such a great luxurious service, they paid a big sum to be a part of it and still they did not get that all, though it is quite difficult to predict that they all are satisfied or dissatisfied but according to the research that was conducted by the researchers, most of the people ere found disappointed simply because it is not a product that you can use and get dissatisfied or satisfied, but it is exactly like playing with someone's emotions like you can see that most of the people who were young or not that old gave each and every thing they had just to be on the voyage but suddenly they heard about the incidence and they all got disappointed , it is not a kind of service that every cruising company would be providing but very few provide it and that even once in a blue moon and so you cannot ask the people to get on some other cruise providing such service and so you cannot really play with such people's emotions, the entire decision process was revolving around a wonderful dream, you cannot really find someone who is an ordinary person and willing to invest there entire savings at the same time, so all the company did was that they targeted people having adventurous thinking and they just simply did not make there dreams come true, so most of the dissatisfaction was caused in the segment they targeted, however there are few people who really think that the company handled the situation exceptionally well, but they should not be counted in the target as they are lot more experienced and cannot simply think that way a youngster can think, also the discount thing did not work for them as most of the people paid discounted amount earlier and got even more money than they paid this all did not worth as the primary objective of every buyer was go on voyage. 2a. The P&O and Ikea both have put just normal efforts in communicating about their services and products, it was certainly not

Banking Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Banking Law - Case Study Example The whole point of the cheque card is to make it wholly different with banks promising to pay irrespective the state of the customer's account. The person who produces a cheque card makes no representation that he is in credit with his bank. All the trader is concerned to ask is whether the customer have a cheque card, whether it matches the cheque, whether the cheque is for not more than the permissible credit limit and whether the signature on the cheque match the signature on the card. In the present case the appellant/ accused opened a bank account with the National Westminister Bank. He was allowed an overdraft of 100 pounds of one month which was latter extended for a month. The conditions were printed on the back of the cheque. The issuing bank undertakes that any cheque not exceeding 30 pounds will be honored subject to the fact that the cheque must be signed in the presence of the payee, the signature on the cheque must correspond with the specimen signature on this card, the cheque must be drawn on a bank cheque form bearing the code number shown on his card, the cheque must be drawn before the expiry date of his card, the card no. ... If these conditions are complied with the recipient need not concern himself about the drawers credit worthiness for he knows the cheque would be honored on presentment.A man who gives a cheque represents that it will be met on presentment. And if a cheque is accepted by the payee it is the belief that it will be met. And when it is supported by the bank's undertaking and all doubts in the mind of the payee as to the cheque being honored will be removed if he sees that the stipulated conditions are complied with. But by issuing a cheque book and a cheque card the bank has not authorized him to bind them by the use of the card to honor every cheque in the cheque book. It was observed that by exhibiting to the payee a cheque card containing the undertaking by the bank to honor cheques drawn in compliance with the conditions endorsed on the back, and drawing the cheque accordingly, the drawer represents to the payee that he has actual authority from the bank to make a contract with the payee on the bank's behalf that it will honor the cheque on presentation for payment. Speaking on ostensible authority on its head it was observed that if the other party has believed the representation and on the faith of that belief has acted upon it and the person represented to be his principal has so conducted him self towards that other party as to be estopped from denying the truth of the representation , then and only then, is he bound by the contract purportedly made on his behalf. The whole foundation of liability under the doctrine of ostensible authority is a representation , believed by the person to whom it is made, that the person claiming to contract as agent for a principal has the

The Bio-Oil Over the Catalysts of Ni-CNTs Research Paper - 183

The Bio-Oil Over the Catalysts of Ni-CNTs - Research Paper Example The focus of this research is the high catalytic activity of Ni catalyst supported by CNTs and prepared with the help of precipitation method using the homogeneous deposition. The purpose of its use was the achievement of low temperature during organic compounds’ reformation to bio-oil. The optimal percentage of the content of Ni-loading was 15 wt%. At 550 C, the authors reached nearly 92.5% of theH2 yield upon the Ni-CNTs catalyst of 15 wt %. Upon the process of reformation of the bio-oil over the catalysts of Ni-CNTs, the authors studied the reforming temperature (T) influences, the molar ratio between the steam and carbon fed (S/C), as well as the current (I) conducted by the catalyst with the help of the carrier gas of stream inside the reforming reactor. The aim of this research was to advocate bio-oils reformation through the current used in the Ni-CNTs catalyst’s high-dispersion. This indicated that bio-oils reformation is helpful in increasing hydrogen’s yield by the reformation of bio-oils organic compounds at low temperature. The authors used H2-TPD, XRD, TEM, XPS, ICP/AES, along with the isotherms of N2 adsorption-desorption to investigate the Ni-CNTs’ catalysts’ features with Ni loading contents. The research led the authors to the conclusion that the narrow and uniform distribution achieved through higher dispersion of Ni and smaller particle size of Ni was achieved for the Ni catalyst supported by CNTs. The benefits of the technology included the reformation of the oxygenated organic compounds found in the bio-oil at substantially low temperature. Other pros of the technology included low cost and high efficiency.

Federal Funding of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Paper

Federal Funding of Human Embryonic Stem Cell - Research Paper Example During the reign of President Bush, federal funding of human embryonic stem cell research stood banned since the administration opposed the practice. Even though the federal government does not fund research that involves the creation of embryos for purposes of research, President Obama’s administration lifted the ban. The federal government funds researchers that make use of embryos created in vitro fertilization but have stayed unused. However, the move by the federal government to provide funding for human embryonic stem cell research encourages other unethical practices such as abortion. Since these scientists remain prohibited from creating embryos for the research, they would turn to other alternatives to obtaining embryos. The justification used for the research would be that embryos couldn’t be considered human. This justification is likely to be used by unethical practitioners to support their misdemeanors, for instance, those conducting the abortion. Causes of the problem James Thomson initiated the human embryonic stem cell research in 1998. Several reasons became presented for the initiation of this research on the basis that stem cells have the potential to save lives. One such cause for embryonic stem cell research would be the development of rubella and polio as a resource for developing national policy and for local institutional review boards. This became founded on the premise that the research would develop considerable biomedical knowledge not obtainable by other methods. This problem intensified due to the impact of laws on the situation stem cell research developed. The Congress under President Reagan’s reelection in 1993 nullified the requirement for approval by the Ethics Advisory Board (EAB) on embryonic stem cell research. In addition, the Congress lifted a moratorium on federal funding of embryo research, which later became banned by the 1996 Congress (Holland et al. 27-29).

Discussion 11- reporting net income Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 11- reporting net income - Assignment Example Habitually, EPS has been hugely applied but it is susceptible to critical errors in calculation. Customarily, EPS is mostly influenced by the model of the accounting policies adopted by the company. Yields gained from the growth percentages is mostly perplexing and may be misleading or even meaningless with regards to small base and even negative earnings collected from past periods. EPS becomes distorted in cases when the company re-tracks share buy back in instances when the company repurchases its main shares thus reduces the amount of the shares placed in issue (Pratt, 2013). This provides automatic increment on the EPS figures. While most companies would boats of elevating the EPS, it is enormously vital to note that earnings must increase which is the desire of the investor. Even after placement of savings on the account of the investor, the cash should earn additional income in terms of compound interest (Peters, 2013). Normally, the EPS does not consider the company’s dept level and concurrent leverage which are the factors that influence the direction taken by the investor in selection of the future investments. EPS are repeatedly configured by the mergers and other entailed acquisition which has least regards for the actual value that is created (Pratt,

Franklin Roosevelts New Deal policies Essay Example for Free

Franklin Roosevelts New Deal policies Essay Franklin Roosevelts New Deal benefited the lives of most farmers in many different and powerful ways. The combination of the alphabet soup acts and the long lasting effects that they produced transformed the modern individual farmer of the late 1920s and the entire 1930s from the down and out, could barely survive Okie farmer, as depicted in John Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath, to a more uniform, government backed, stable farmer that still exists today. Many reasons as to why agricultural recovery and reform were put at such high priority have been suggested. In particular, there are two very compelling and logical reasons. One, farmers were the most in need as dust bowls were hovering over towns like the second coming of Jesus and droughts, especially in the south west, were becoming more devastatingly common. The second reason is that many believed that agriculture was the root of the United States economy. The idea being that the agricultural depression from the droughts and windstorms led to bank closures, business losses, increased unemployment, and other physical and emotional problems. As Franklin Roosevelt once said, if the farm population suffers, the people in the cites in every part of the country suffer with it. With the same thought of mind, the Democratic party believed, and Roosevelt emphasized through his fire-side chats that true prosperity would not return until farming was prosperous. So with this popular sense of importance and urgency spread from poor, rural, farm areas to the political capital of Washington, Congress expediently passed the Agricultural Adjustment Act on May 12, 1933. With this new law, which many critics deemed fascist, the government created enforced limits to how much of a certain crop a farmer could produce, and in many cases, even had farmers burn crops and slaughter livestock to waste. These new actions greatly benefited farmers economically as with every head of livestock and every bushel of crop wasted, farmers would receive subsidies from the government. These actions quickly solved the nations problem of crop surplus and propelled the price farmers had to charge for their goods from dangerously low to reasonable profitable. Of course, this led the consumers to suffer, and the US Supreme Court to raise an eyebrow. In the case of US vs. Butler, the court deemed the AAA unconstitutional because its processing of taxes went against the 10th Amendment. Later, a second AAA was created  that relied on more general government taxes, and though renamed the Production and Marketing Administration, it still exists to this day. Secondly, the direct effects of the AAA and the indirect effects of the WPA, CCC, TVA, and most notoriously, the SSA, should be evaluated and considered along with WW2 as the means to which farmers escaped the depression. As they lined up to receive their AAA benefit checks, many were also enjoying the switch from kerosene to electricity for the first time thanks to the Tennessee Valley Authority. Furthermore, other close-to-home projects were being erected such as public schools and public housing due to the Civilian Conservation Corps. In fact, the only ones who werent powerfully effected by Roosevelts response to Black Tuesday were farmers who worked on margin, and who were also mostly black. Only 182,018 Negroes owned and operated farms and 700,911 were tenants. Tenants gained no government subsidies and never gained any real power or prosperity in their lives because they owned no actual land. Only the less than two sevenths of black farmers received immediate relief, and because most blacks were still farmers prior to the Great Migrations to the cites of Chicago and elsewhere, which actually didnt end until the 1960s, many blacks overall were looked over as a minority as was the case in many situations until the Civil Rights movement of coincidently, the 1960s. Part of the reason that ,overall, the effects of the New Deal for farmers were so substantial is because they were so willing to cooperate. As one civilian of the time, Leroy Hankel, remembers, most of them went [into the program]. There was just a few that wouldnt have anything to do with it. But, the majority of people, they all went into the program Those that didnt were the ones that feared a Roosevelt Executive Dictatorship and believed that Americas original idea of democracy was being conformed to something more similar to Mussolinis fascist principles. These critics concerns did hold merit as many of the ideas proposed by Roosevelts New Deal, particularly Social Security, do rely on complete government control which is exactly what a good proportion of the public feared during the Red Scare. Because of this fear, the kiss of death was laid on many of Roosevelts plans, both from the left and the right. Roosevelt knew that a  few in high power would not be willing to travel on his new and untrod path , but something bold had to be done as a means to save agriculture. In conclusion, farmers were rescued from the laissez faire attitude of Herbert Hoover by the can do, will do attitude of Franklin Roosevelt and his unprecedented New Deal promise to farmers and alike. The key distinction between Hoover and Roosevelt is that while both, in their adult life, were prestigious aristocrats, Roosevelt had a deep sense of understanding and compassion for the average blue-collar farmer. Stories like from Claude V. Dunnagan, that all sound very familiar of how the lawyers sold our farm and we had to move out illustrate the vastness of how much white-collar greed and deception was running wild. Obviously, relief, recovery, and reform movements were necessary and the only things short of a great war that could end the economic fear and greed that was suffocating 95 percent of the American populations, most painstakingly: farmers. Even though they never did reach back to the days of the Calvin Coolidge prosperity, without the New Deal, family farms would have be come a thing of mythology and Hoovervilles would have become just another element of everyday reality.

Examples Of Social Networking Sites

Examples Of Social Networking Sites Social networking sites are gaining lot of popularity these days with almost all educated youth by using one or another site like this. Has played such a crucial role in overcoming the barriers and cross the seas, and to allow them to communicate on a common platform. Become E popularity and medium-potential for them to remain friends with that list and raise the social circle, at least in terms of knowledge. The issue of privacy, security and legal issues cropping up in all this time. Through this research seeks to discover the impact of these sites on the personal and professional lives of its users. Its a very personal question to answer and it is based on the same view is reflected in the research methodology adopted by us Introduction Social network is the structure is made of the social contract (which are usually individuals or organizations) that are connected by one or more of certain types of relations. (Social Network, 2007). With the rapid growth of the people who use or have access to the Internet, and social networking sites is essential for the Internet community to keep in touch with each other. Social networking sites on the Web to help people stay in touch with old friends and make new friends, and new data or distribution of products, and many other aspects of our daily lives. The official site of the first social networking site Classmates.com, which was founded in 1995 (Social Network, 2007). And the subsequent growth of a slow but steady in the number of social networking sites for the vast majority of sites we have today. Why social networking Web sites that work so well because, as they are born, they start small and then grow steadily. Site begins with a small number of people who tell their friends and then on the site, then those friends tell their friends about the site, and soon the site is a huge database of users to connect with friends, acquaintances, or just a bunch of random people. Web sites are designed to allow users to create a profile and describes herself as for the exchange of messages and the list of users public and private sectors or groups of them linked in one way or another. (Social Network, 2007). Are often designed most of the social networking sites to suit a particular type of society, and how the community college as a music or Facebook.com community feedback / reflected by the party MySpace.com. With the rapid growth of social networking sites and use them on a global scale, everything you hear on social networking sites on the Internet does not matter because the sites social networking sites are increasing in popularity and is here to stay. Examples of social networking sites ORKUT.COM Orkut is an Internet social network service run by and named by byGoogle Creator, Google employee Orkut Buyukkokten. Claims may be designed to help Users meet new friends and maintain existing relationships. toFacebook similar, Friendsterand MySpace, Orkut goes a step further to allow the establishment of simpleforums easy set-up (called community) of users. Since October 2006 Orkut has permitted users to create accounts without an invitation. The initial target market for Orkut United States, but most users are inBrazil. In fact, in November 2007, 62.9% of traffic comes from Brazil, followed by 19.2% from India. In December 2007, dropped from Googles Orkut site from the drop-down menu at the international level. FACEBOOK.COM Facebook is another example of the social networking site. Developed by the student It was Mark Zuckerberg at Harvard University in 2004, originally Facebook.com TheFacebook.com (Bock, 2007). The purchase of the domain name Facebook.com, in August 2005 for $ 200,000, and the site was originally developed for students of colleges and universities as a way to connect with each other (Bock, 2007). Which includes the majority of the members of the college social networking site on the basis of the Facebook.com is the leading website to download images, which owns several million tourists each day. Since its inception, Facebook.com has now open to anyone with a valid email address and offers options for its members to join the millions of networks of people with similar interests. It is said that 80% of users check Facebook.com account every day, and 93% of users check Facebook.com account at least monthly (Facebook, 2007) Facebook.com generates revenue from advertising because it contain s a large number of registered users. MYSPACE.COM MySpace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user submitted A network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music and videos internationally. E headquarters in Beverly Hills, California, United States of America, where she shares an office building directly with the owner, Fox Interactive Media, in turn, the owner of Fox Interactive and MySpace, and so, News Corporation, based in New York City According to Alexa Internet, MySpace is currently the worlds sixth most popular site in English and the most popular site in the sixth and in any language, and the third most popular site in the United States, although it has been planning on various weeks. The service gradually gained more popularity than similar websites to achieve nearly 80 percent of visits to social networking sites on the Internet. The company employs 300 employees and not disclose revenues or profits separately from News Corporation. 100000000 with the account created in August 9, 2006 in theNetherlands and news accounts alleging 8.2006 106 million in September, and attracts site said, a rate of 230,000 new registrations per day. On December 18, 2007, and there are more than 300 million accounts. HI5.COM hi5 is a social networking site, which throughout2007, was one of the 25 Most visited sites on the Internet. The company was founded in 2002 byRamu Yalamanchi, who is also the current Executive Director. In December 2007, more than 98 Hi5 Million members. In Hi5, users create personal Web site to display information such as age, interests and hometown and upload user pictures where users can post comments. Hi5 also allows the user to create photo albums and the creation of personal music player in your profile. Users can also send friend requests via e-mail to other users. When a person gets asked a friend, and that he is unable to accept or reject, or block the user completely. If the user accepts another user as a friend, you will be directly connected to two or degrees. User appears in the persons friends list and vice versa. Some users choose to make their profiles available to all on the Hi5 to view. Other users exercise the option to make your profile only visible to those people who are in their network. Consists of a network of friends of friends of the user directly (1 degree), and friends of direct friends (class II), and friends of friends of friends directly. Analysis and interpretation Popular social networking sites huge, especially among young people. The sample was selected from the majority of students to schools. Analysis of the data tells us that 98% of the students to use at least one of the networking sites. Strengths Cooperative The distinguishing feature of social networking programs are in sociability. People come together for a common purpose, and the establishment of a body of content through a joint effort. Peer review ensures that there is a clear relationship. Synergies generated in this process ensures that the whole is greater than sum of its parts. Users assess your material against material to other members of the community, and participation in higher cognition, such as analysis and synthesis. Involving Nature of the programs and social networks makes it ended, and the creation of dynamic content. Since the users themselves are the owners of this content, and theyre excited about the change and add to. Accordingly, the content is in many cases the value of current and unique. Peer review is a basic characteristic of these communities, and the analysis and synthesis of emerging content convincing. A sense of community The concept of similarity with others, meeting of minds and a sense of security arising from this interdependence is of great intrinsic value to community members. The following are excerpts from Reuters transfer of more than Maslow: Get the value of social networking comes to meet In reference to a recent report Communispace. Weaknesses Excessively . The Ten years ago (? It was a really long time), we were also in the noise of technology for Web technologies will revolutionize the way we live, and how corporations work almost everything that the massive amounts invested money in all kinds of ideas based on the Web , and optical fiber in the ground equipment for telecommunications to banking services via the Internet to sell pet food over the Internet using mascot sock puppet. A few years later, the bubble burst. both is the culmination of sales techniques and business models and the market collapsed. of the company (and investment) and point of view, and techniques of the novel the Web is something to avoid what often gets lost in time close to the bubble last that the use of the Internet does not stop, pause or even a lot. has continued to e-commerce, and the noise big driver at the end of 1990, to grow in the actual use even though the ratings company crashed. Similarly, technological innovation and continuous improvement. T oday, he returned the noise, and there are a lot of start of commercial operation, and there are new applications such as Internet technology will revolutionize this or that. described a lot of fun and Web 2.0, which refers to the release of the second main of Web technology. Chaotic In press releases is not a public relations strategy, Linda VandeVrede easy compared to the distribution of social media to ride the land of chaos and the absence of zoning in the state of his hometown in Arizona. What had been given once in the land of desert and a beautiful way to communities of poor planning and highways, and now in the streets clogged and insufficient capacity to contain, he says. While it supports the expression on the Internet for democracy, but it is concerned about the size and poor quality Web content and narcissism and a false sense of achievement to be paid in many cases. VandeVrede is not only an accurate assessment in the new world of social media. In passing sentence (when youll be presented with the person for the award), and warned that time is Web 2.0 harnesses the stupidity of crowds and wisdom. Integration Topcu looking to build a level of integration to sit on Web 2.0 services have been overtaken by subsequent events. In June 2007, Facebook announced the opening of the Institute for outside developers. Applications can now be written in FBML be written that can be implemented in other sites from Facebook. The rest of revenge in the world in October when Google announced the launch of its OpenSocial. OpenSocial is a collaboration between Google and other social networking sites. Conclusion Social networking site on the Internet is an online community where people can connect with others with similar interests. Since its inception in 1995, Classmates.com, and slept on the Internet social networking sites are great to include sites such as hi5.com huge day of Facebook.com, and orkut.com. Through these sites can be for companies use of social networking sites on the Internet to connect with potential employees, and marketing of new products, and get feedback on existing products and new ideas for products in the future. Although there are many of the asset value of social networking sites, there are also major issues facing these sites, such as the protection of personal data, and the protection of children and the protection of copyrighted material. Even if you have problems, and social networking Web sites is still one of the best inventions in the modern era, because they connect a lot of people

An Introduction To Human Resource Development Management Essay

An Introduction To Human Resource Development Management Essay HRD is an emerging concept to distinguish between strategic and business-oriented learning from traditional learning and development (Sambrook, 2004). HRD is generally focused on three areas in organization, viz. training and development, career development and organizational development (Fenwick, 2004, p.193). According to McCarthy et al. (2003, p. 58), the purpose of HRD is to foster the process of training in a company and to facilitate the organizational learning process. Despite with history of about fifteen year, HRD is remains as a vague and poorly defined concept (Garavan et al., 1999; Sambrook, 2004; Stewart, 2005), partly due to the difficulties in defining the scope for the concept and lack of a unified definition (Garavan et al., 1999). The concept of HRD is interrelated with a wide range of disciplines such as economics, sociology, psychology, strategic management, leadership and human resource management (Stewart, 2005, p.91). Definitions are therefore varies with different perspectives adopted by different authors (Garavan et al., 1999). Most HRD literatures are performance-oriented or learning-oriented as pointed out by Simmonds and Pederson (2003). For instance, Sambrook (2004, p.611) defines HRD as all those activities that seek to facilitate all forms of learning and development at all levels within organizations. On the other hand, Slotte et al. (2004, p.485) defines HRD as covering functions related primarily on training, career development, organizational development and research and development in addition to other organizational HR functions where these are intended to foster learning capacity at all levels of the organization, to integrate learning culture into its overall business strategy and to promote the organizations effort to achieve high quality performance. According to Hatcher; Kalra (cited in Hatcher 2003), HRD has been attacked for treating human as resources which to be manipulated or used to achieve organizational goal. The authors further argued that the HRD definition emphasis too much on resources while overlook potential (Hatcher, 2003, p.1). According to the Hatcher (2003), there are potential in each employee which exceeds the economic value. Therefore, treating human as resources places them in a subservient and compliant position to organizational goals and limits our ability to be in harmony with nature (Hatcher, 2003, p.1). On the other hand, Sambrook (2004) added to the critiques of HRD by arguing that most HRD literatures generally emphasis on performance outcome and neglect the organizational issues concerning the marginalized populations. According to Bierema (2002, p.245), the issues of diversity, equality, power, heterosexism, discrimination, sexism, racism, or other issues of oppression in organizations are ignored by current HRD literatures. Bierema and Cseh (2003) further argued that these undiscussable issues are ignored but yet, have significant impacts on both individual and organization. To address such issues, Rigg et al. (2007) had argued that it is necessary to think HRD from a critical stance. They argued that there is a need for critical turn in HRD (Rigg et al., 2007). 2.0 Critical Approach to Human Resource Development Before discussing on what is critical human resource development (CHRD), it is necessary to understand the term critical. Antonacopoulou (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p. 195) defines critical as providing voice for the repressed and marginalized, exposing assumptions and values, revealing the use of power and control, and challenging inequalities and sacrifices made in the name of efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability through a self-reflexive critique of rhetoric, traditional, authority, and objectivity. On the other hand, Burrell (cited in Sambrook, 2004, p. 614) suggested that critical theory is associated with challenging rational organizational practices and replacing them with more democratic and emancipatory practices. The two definitions implies that being critical mean to challenge unjust practices in the organization and to pursue a more democratic and justice practice. Hence, according to Kincheloe (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p.198), critical approach to HRD is dedicated to change organizations and their HRD practices towards a more just, equitable, life-giving, and sustainable workplace. However, Francis (2007) argued that critical approach to HRD is not opposed to traditional HRD. In fact, it seeks to help practitioners and academics to better understand and aware of the ambiguities in current HRD (Francis, 2007). Besides, it also seeks to demonstrate how inequalities and shift in power can affect the abilities to control the production, distribution and consumption of HRD practices and ultimately, the effects of these inequalities to the individual development and participation of employees (Francis, 2007, p.84). After understanding the meaning of critical in the context of HRD, then how to be critical in HRD? According to Antonacopoulou in his definition of critical, being critical can be achieved through self-critique on rhetoric, traditional, authority and objectivity. On the other hand, Burrell (2001) proposed that a critical approach should comprise of six components, viz. political, iconoclastic, epistemological, investigative, revelatory and emancipatory (Burrell, 2001 p. 14-17). Sambrook (2009) applied Burrells framework in the HRD context and outlined the attributes that distinguish CHRD from traditional one, which presented as follow: Political. Burrell (2001) argued that political perspective of critical approach is to understand the use of power in an organization and how political forces in organization can shape or influence human life. Hence, CHRD seek to identify the key stakeholders and influencers of HRD and examine their influence on the HRD activities (Sambrook, 2004; 2009). Unlike traditional HRD where employees and trainees are suppressed and excluded from giving their opinion, CHRD aware of the need for the shift of power to allow traditional oppressed groups to have more freedom and voicing opportunities (Sambrook, 2004; 2009). Iconoclastic. According to Burrell (2001, p.15), being critical involve breaking down the solidity of dominant imagery and icon. Therefore, CHRD attempts to challenge current perception of HRD and seeks to identify the purpose underlying each HRD activities (Sambrook, 2009). HRD suppose to serve the purpose of employees development or merely focus on performance-outcome? Asking such question will then lead to the exposure of weaknesses in current HRD activities which is performance-oriented (as argued by most critical HRD literatures) while the development of individual in organization is neglected (Sambrook, 2009). Epistemological. Sambrook (2004, 2009) argued that epistemological perspective is concerned with understanding of the foundations of HRD and the methodologies used in the construction of the knowledge about HRD. CHRD challenges currently dominant positivism and quantitative approaches in the construction of the knowledge about HRD and to adopt a more qualitative methods which will enable more in-depth study on the values, morality and ethics in HRD (Sambrook, 2009, p.66). Investigative. Burrell (2001) argued investigative perspective of critical approach try to challenge something that others have taken for granted. Being investigative in the context of HRD concerns with surfacing the social equality issues in organization which have been neglected in current research and practice of HRD (Sambrook, 2004). This maybe include an investigation of why certain groups of people having the priorities in receiving training than the others. Besides, investigative perspective can also include the investigation of the difference between what is HRD (in the eye of practitioners) and what actually been done by them (Sambrook, 2004). Revelatory. Burrell (2001, p.16) argued that, by attacking illusion, there can be a concomitant demonstration of what is illusion and what is truth. Given the difficulties and ambiguities in defining the term HRD, revelatory perspective of CHRD attempts to challenge current understanding of HRD in order to find the truth of HRD and to unified the different discourses which currently regarded as HRD (Sambrook, 2004; 2009). However, Burrell (2001) argued that it is difficult to practice revelatory perspective as it is problematic to distinguish between illusion and truth. Emancipatory. According to Sambrook (2009, p. 67), there are arguments on whether HRD should serve the purpose of freeing employees from capitalist exploitation and employment degradation. However, Burrell (2001) argued that it is difficult to achieve emancipatory as organization system always involve control and the effect of power is unavoidable. From the above attributes, it is noted that these strands are interrelated (Sambrook, 2004). Sambrook (2009) argued that individual awareness of the attributes of CHRD is important for CHRD to be put into practice. In addition, individual antecedents such as understanding and acceptance of ones role, recognition of the boundaries of ones profession, political awareness, excellent communication skills, respect and trust are also essential for the success of CHRD (Sambrook, 2009, p.66). In addition to personal antecedent, organization antecedents that involved include organizational culture of participation, democracy, learning and personal development (Sambrook, 2009, p.66) 3.0 Contributions of Critical Human Resource Development Sambrook (2009) mentioned in her article Critical HRD: a concept analysis that the practice of CHRD will result in a more democratic work production, improved (working/learning) relationship, more effective and relevant learning, enhanced transfer of learning, improved creativity and productivity, and an acceptance of alternative approaches to knowing (Sambrook, 2009, p. 68). 3.1 Political Perspective Contributions to Individual As mentioned above, political perspective of CHRD aware of the needs for the shift of power in an organization to allow traditionally oppressed groups to voice out their opinion. In line with that, Lowe (cited in Fenwick, 2004) argued that CHRD plays the mediating role to allow employees unions and management to collaborate in designing jobs, training and working condition. He further argued that CHRD can help to counter management push for new HRM practices that undercut the union, could champion a people-centered agenda and help leverage management collaboration (Lowe cited in Fenwick, 2004). Besides, the shift of power also related to the concept of empowerment. Empowerment is the shift of decision making power to employees (Erstard, 1997). According to Zeithamal; Berry and Parasuraman (cited in Ravichandran, n.d., p.2), employee empowerment is proven to have positive impact on job satisfaction and reduces role stress. It is also suggested that empowered employees experience lesser job ambiguity and have quicker response to problem as they can avoid wasting time referring the problem to their superior (Singh cited in Ravichandran, n.d., p.2). In addition, empowered employees are also demonstrating greater commitment and loyalty to the organization (Greasley et al., 2008). Contribution to Organization Employee empowerment as mentioned above also has its positive impacts on the organization effectiveness. According to Ladden (n.d.), empowerment can improve the productivity, decision making process and quality of service. The improvement of decision making process is due to the fact that decisions are made by employees who have the most appropriate information, expertise needed (Ladden, n.d.). Besides, empowered employees will also likely to have greater commitment to the decision made, thus, enable product or customer problem to be dealt more quickly which in turn will have positive impact on productivity and customer service quality(Ladden, n.d.). 3.2 Iconoclastic and Emancipatory Perspective Contributions to Individual From the iconoclastic perspective, the breakdown of the dominant performance-oriented purpose of HRD activities and the recognition of true purpose of HRD will lead to individual development in an organization. Fenwick (2004) who examines the practices of CHRD in workplace suggested that one of the CHRD practices in organization takes in the form of emancipatory action learning where employees learns as a team and collaborate to solve a problem through direct experimentation, critical thinking and communication. According to Lanahan and Maldonado (cited in Spence, 1998), action learning can help participants to solve problems more effectively compared with simple training and at the same time, develop leadership in them. Marquardt (2000) in his article action learning and leadership added to the point of leadership development by arguing that action learning can help improve individual effectiveness by developing good leadership attributes such as system thinking; risk taking and innovative; openness and share decision making; and become teachers, coach and mentor to others. Participants can develop system thinking skill through the process of asking new questions to gain better insight of a problem before coming out with its solution (Marquardt, 2000). This will in turn increase their ability to handle complex, seemingly unconnected aspects of organizational challenge (Marquardt, 2000). Besides, action learning can also increase the ability of participants to think in new ways rather than following the traditional route which will then improve their innovativeness and willingness to take risk (Marquardt, 2000). Furthermore, participants in action learning program can also learn to accept others opinion, learn from others perspective and to provide valuable feedback which will then help to create a culture of openness among participants and leaders are learning how to share their decision making power with others (Marquardt, 2000). Contributions to Organization York et al. (cited in Spence, 1998) suggested that action learning can also help to facilitate the transfer of learning as participants are able to take immediate action, thus making changes to the practices in an organization. On the other hand, Alvesson and Willmott (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p. 203) argued that emancipatory action learning can help employees to develop critical assessment about unfair practices in organization and then helps to improve the organization through actions to address such issues. According to Fenwick (2004), another practice of CHRD is in the form of emancipatory project- a small projects aims at addressing a specific oppressive issue. Meyerson and Kolb (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p. 204) has conducted such project and found that the project can yield a fruitful result to initiate changes in organization. On the other hand, Tosey and Nugent (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p. 204) demonstrated another example showing critical inquiry-focused form of action learning help transform management team of a failing small manufacturing company to think creatively about strategy and change the way they related to one another to be more supportive, caring and challenging. Challenges in Practice Despite the fruitful benefits of emancipatory action learning as mentioned above, Fenwick (2004) argued that the practice of the approach was proven to be difficult. Difficulties arise as emancipatory action learning should involve employees at the lower level of hierarchy and punitive actions from managers when the project failed to achieve expected result may caused further oppressed or violence of employees in the organization (Fenwick, 2004). Therefore, to avoid that to be happened, Fournier and Grey (cited in Fenwick, 2004, p.203) argued that the intention of emancipatory action learning should not be emphasized on performance outcome. Contrary, emancipatory action learning should emphasize on dimensions such as equality, fairness, job condition and politics of knowledge legitimation that are embedded in problems of organizational bottleneck and communication blockages (Fenwick, 2004, p. 203). However, the non-performance intention is apparently contradict with the traditional business objective that pursuing business performance, efficiency and productivity. Fenwick (2004) argued that performance is arguably the purpose of organizational existence and the original purpose of HRD is to enhance performance. The practice of CHRD that emphasize on promoting equality, fairness and emancipatory of employees condemned the hierarchical management of human learning and the productivity-driven purposes of business (Fenwick, 2004). This becomes a great challenge for practitioners in their efforts to adopt critical approach in HRD. 3.3 Epistemological Perspective Contributions to Individual From the epistemological perspective, the challenge of the methodologies used in the construction of the knowledge about HRD is related to the concept of critical reflection (Sambrook, 2009). According to Brookfield (1988), there are four major activities in critical reflection, viz. assumption analysis, contextual awareness, imaginative speculation and reflective skepticism. Van Woerkom (2004) who studies about the effects of critical reflection on HRD argued that critical reflection in HRD will helps to facilitate more effective learning of individual in an organization. Employees who engage in critical thinking are likely to display critical reflective behavior of reflecting, career awareness, experimenting, learning from mistakes, critical opinion sharing, invites others for feedback, and challenging groupthink (Van Woerkom, 2004, p. 187). The author argues that the adoption of critical reflective behavior has proven to have positive impacts on both the individual as well as organization. In the individual level, the adoption of critically reflective behavior will increase employees self-efficacy and participation in the workplace (Van Woerkom, 2004). The improvement in self-efficacy is due to the fact that employees need to have a certain degree of competency and risk-taking behavior to display critical reflective behavior in the workplace (Van Woerkom, 2004). They have to withstand social pressure and be critical instead of following the traditional ways or practices (Van Woerkom, 2004). Van Woerkom (2004, p. 187) argued that critical reflective behavior not only allow employees to develop their own competences and to connect their working life to personal development, but it also enabled them to optimize or to critically analyze and try to change work practice. In addition, Van Woerkom (2004) further argued that employees who adopt critical reflective behavior are likely to have a steeper learning curve and this will have positive effect on their self-efficacy. On the other hand, the increase in participation is due to the fact that the adoption of critical reflective behavior requires employees to get involved in the organization and to understand the work practice at different level of organization as well as the scope to solve problem and learn from mistakes (Van Woerkom, 2004). According to Van Woerkom (2004), employees that display critical reflective work behavior are more often being invited to participate in organization. Contributions to Organization In the organizational level, Van Woerkom (2004) had conducted investigation in two organizations (a textile painting factory and a forensic psychiatric clinic) and found that critically reflective behavior is effective to transform organization from Taylorism to a modern organization, with participating and self-managing workers (p. 187). Van Woerkom argued that to achieve this, employees have to reflect on their own current and future position in the organization and to reflect on their own behavior, instead of blaming others for mistakes (Woerkom, 2004, p. 187). Besides, the practices of challenging groupthink, ask for feedback, critical opinion sharing will likely to stimulate double loop learning in organization (Van Woerkom and Croon, 2008). According to Argyris (2002), Double-loop learning occurs when errors are corrected by changing the governing values and then the action. By practicing critical opinion sharing, ask for feedback and challenging groupthink, employees are able to share what they have learned with others, thereby facilitate the effectiveness of learning and working of the organization (Van Woerkom and Croon, 2008). Furthermore, Natale and Nicci (2006) in their research of critical thinking in organization pointed out that low level of conflict can help to stimulate the quality of decision making of a team. Therefore, conflict that resulted from critical thinking of individual in organization is useful to stimulate the performance of the organization (Natele and Nicci, 2006). However, the research also revealed that when conflict intensified, its positive effects will diminishes and team performance will deteriorates (Natele and Nicci, 2006). Challenges in Practice Despite the benefits of practicing critical reflection in the workplace to both employees and organization, Sambrook (2009) argued that individual and organizational barriers may arise in the effort of organization to implement CHRD which caused by dogma, misunderstanding, and perceived threat of loss of power. Particularly, the implementation of CHRD requires the shift of power which will may causes authority or management to resist the adoption of CHRD because the fear of losing their power (Sambrook, 2009). Besides, Reynolds (cited in Rigg and Trehan, 2008, p.378) argued that dissonance resulted from challenging status quo and questioning their position may cause individual to resist engaging in critical thinking. 4.0 Conclusion Current HRD is emphasis on the learning and performance while ignore the issues of diversity, equality, power, heterosexism, discrimination, sexism, racism, or other issues of oppression in organizations (Bierema, 2002, p. 245). Therefore, CHRD is emerged to address these issues. Sambrook (2009) using Burrells (2001) framework of six strands to a critical approach has constructed the attributes of CHRD, which are: political, iconoclastic, epistemological, investigative, revelatory and emancipatory. Generally, critical perspective of HRD is about challenging contemporary practices, exposing assumptions, revealing illusion, and questioning tradition (Sambrook, 2004, p. 614) in the objective to create a more just, equitable, discrimination-free working environment and to contribute toward human capital development. CHRD facilitates more effective learning of individual which will then increase the competencies and self-efficacy of individual (Van Woerkom, 2004). It is also argued that critical thinker in an organization are more often being invited to participate in the organization (Van Woerkom, 2004). Furthermore, the practice of CHRD can help individual to develop leadership as argued by Marquardt (2000). On the other hand, empowerment of employees helps to increase the productivity and responsiveness to problem while reducing the job ambiguity and work stress of employees (Ravichandran, n.d.). In organizational level, CHRD can facilitate double-loop learning which will help to change the practice of the organization (Van Woerkom and Croon, 2008). Besides, CHRD can also help to create a company with independent and participating workforce as suggested by Van Woerkom (2004). In addition, the effect of employee empowerment can also help to increase the productivity, service quality and decision making process as argued by Ladden (n.d.). However, the practice of CHRD will meet certain challenges in term of contradiction between the objective of CHRD and performance purpose of business objective (Fenwick, 2004) and the reluctance of individual to engage in the practice of CHRD (Sambrook, 2009). Therefore, Sambrook (2009) argued that organizational and individual antecedents as mentioned above are crucial for CHRD to be put into practice. (3532 words)

New Telemarketers :: Internet Computers Technology Media Essays

New Telemarketers The other day, while doing what should have been a five-minute task, I was online searching for a web page. Because I am a horrible speller, and mostly because I was in a hurry, I typed in the wrong web address. Instead of Google.com, I got Goggle.com. Instantly I was bombarded with fifty, yes I counted, fifty pop-up ads on my computer screen. As Internet users, I am sure that you know that these advertisements are not only annoying, but very frustrating when trying to get things done quickly. And they are, in this particular instance, confusing to both me and my computer. Ironically, or maybe a stroke of marketing genius, the very last pop-up was an ad for a free â€Å"pop-up killer† program that you could download. The ad worked because after â€Å"killing† all those ads, I found myself downloading the program to stop those annoying things. Then, I swore it worked because the next three times I went to Goggle.com there were no ads. (There was also no search engine, which took me a few more minutes to figure out why). Since then, I have become extremely annoyed with the program and removed it from my computer, but only after the program asked me another three times if I was sure I wanted to remove it or buy the profe ssional version. While even I will admit these ads and tactics seem like marketing gold, they also seem intruding and unethical. They may even lead to the demise of the Internet itself. And yes, I do realize that statement seems a bit extreme. Using the web as a communication medium is a good function of the World Wide Web. Communication mediums are one of the many functions that the web has to offer our society. But, these pop-up ads and other forms of irritating promotional tactics, such as spam, re-routing and faux error messages, are unethical. They are unethical because they â€Å"mislead users into displaying advertising; some are unethical because promoters are forcing advertising messages on people† (Farkas 110). And as you know and can tell from my experiences, they happen way too often. But how can these unethical practices hurt society and the Internet? Well, as Marshall McLuhan states, â€Å"like any other extension of man, typography had psychic and social consequences that suddenly shifted previous boundaries and patterns of culture† (McLuhan 233). In his chapter he implies that print and type lead to industrial revolution; the Internet can impact society just as greatly.

Year-Round Schooling: The Way to Go Essay -- essays papers

Year-Round Schooling: The Way to Go Many people feel that no school should have a year-round schedule because it is not right for children be in school year round. Despite this feeling, many schools have changed their schedule to a year-round one to benefit their students as well as their teachers. Year-round schooling (YRS), also know as year-round education (YRE), is a good way to better students’ education. It betters students’ education by provided more frequent breaks, and giving student opportunites to participate in inter-sessions. The first year-round school in the United States was in Bluffton, Indiana in the year 1904. The purpose of changing their schedule to a year-round one was to increase the school building capacity, student achievement, minimize summer learning loss, and provide remediation during inter-sessions. From then till 1998 and 1999, there have been over two thousand year-round schools throughout the United States, Canada, and the Pacific Region. Year-round schedules can be made up of two types of systems, a single track, and a multi-track with attendance programs or a combination the two. The single track is for the whole student body to follow the same schedule, as well as the staff. The multi-track separates the students and teachers into groups. Each group gets assigned a different track. The benefits of having multi-track programs are less overcrowding, class size reduction, and giving teachers the opportunity to work year-round (Palmer & Bemis, 1999). In addition to single track and multi-track systems there are other various types of year-round schedules. The 60-20 and 60-15, 45-15 and 45-10, and Concept 6 are the most common type. The 60-20 schedule is divided into three 60 day se... ... school calendars offer sports after school, this gives students less time to study and do homework in order to improve, or if the student studies all he or she can, they loss sleep. Having sports offered during inter-sessions gives students more time during the school sessions to study and do homework, plus giving them more time to sleep in order to help them perform better in the classroom. During the frequent breaks, or inter-sessions if teachers opt not to teach, gives them additional time to prepare better lesson plans and have more energy to teach. During the school sessions, because of the frequent breaks in year round schooling, students and teachers get less of a work load in a period of time compared to students and teachers who are in a school with a traditional calendar. This reduces the stress of those teachers and students making everybody a bit happier.

Theory and Practice of Urbanism since 1945

Theory and Practice of Urbanism since 1945Urban context Noteworthy development of metropoliss ; with the two facets: population and country ; has made the 19th century a singular period in Europe. The industrial revolution, population enlargement every bit good as the development of economic market were factors that contributed to this growing, which are familiar to history of urban in Europe. In footings of facing these force per unit areas of human ecology of urban substructure, with an purpose to retain political, societal, and aesthetic, metropolis functionaries put attempts into direction and ordinance of their metropoliss. Many Europe metropoliss has transformed with the developed planning during a 19th century, their districts were enlarged, walls and munitions were eradicated, and more unfastened infinites were provided for urban citizens. Almost half of the century from the terminal of the Second World War, the town planning theory had a figure of critical displacements and two singular alterations of town planning has been perce ived: † From the contriver as a originative interior decorator to the contriver as a scientific analyst and rational decision-maker† . As a affair of fact, the point of position of the town planning really dragged out back into the history. The be aftering itself occurred within a circumstance of urban development that was traveling to transport on, with program or even non. The metropolis functionaries tried their best to administrate their metropoliss enlargement and to represent that development every bit much as they could. Refering on the sectors of wellness, hygiene and flows of traffic, the position of the modern planning metropolis is seeable. At the terminal of the 19th century, the theory of several urban theoreticians as Camillo Sitte, Ebenezer Howard, Joseph Stuebben and Raymond Unwin was about Cities – particularly capital one – had been following the procedures that were modified in a period of the 19th century. Since 1970, Ildefons Cedra, foremost believing about the thought of a functional, hygienic metropolis, he combined and developed two theories, including: â€Å"Theory for the Construction of the city† and â€Å"General Theory of Urbanization† . Hence, his proposal led to the uniformity of all the signifier of colony. In instance of Antwerp, at the star of the 19th century, Nieuwstad became a military base during the first period of the 19th century. The emperor requested the building of Bonapartedok and Willemdok. Port activities lifting helped Nieuwstad holding the current visual aspect of dock country of het Eilandje. There was a pronounced lessening in utilizing recesss and canals for internal pilotage. Their chief map is for sewerage of families and fouling trades, therefore the canals turned into an beginning of diseases, and steadily befogged. At the terminal of the 19th century, the quays, borders of the River Scheldt was straightened. As a consequence, the whole country was destroyed, the new quays became the topographic point for developing heavy port activities but the relationship between the quays and the metropolis was cut by the wall along the quays.In the yesteryear, Antwerp faced with the growing of population and the hygienic job of lodging. Today, Antwerp has to face with the fact that the population will be decreased. Furthermore, Antwerp, today, is non every bit attractive as it was in the yesteryear and the fact that it becomes an derelict metropolis. Bernardo Secchi’s theory about Public Sphere mentioned that an attractive public infinites can assist to pull people and work out the job of the migration. More on that, he ever pays an attending on survey the history of the metropolis. †The whole history of the metropolis can be written maintaining in head the compatibility or mutual exclusiveness of the people [ †¦ ] Intolerance denies propinquity, it separates and creates distance between activities, edifices, public infinites, their dwellers and users† Bernardo Secchi. Besides, the supply of the theoretical edifice capacity and the mix-used inclination of development draw up the vision for the regeneration of Antwerp. Introduction Nieuw Zuid is the name of the undertaking which located between Scheldts Quays, Namenstraat, Jan van Gentstraat, Brussels Street and the Ring. The undertaking is the portion that extended from the Scheldt to Antwerp South Station and the bing Singel to the railway Antwerp Central-Boom Puurs. To be more inside informations, the undertaking graduated table is 70 hectare included 30 hectare of new residential development with about 2000 lodging units and comfortss in forepart of the quay. From get downing of the trading activities on the port in the 60s, the country was wholly disregarded. Until 2006, the gap of the Palace of Justice and the redevelopment of the former cargo station of Bank of Breda someway have positive consequence on this abandoned country. Since spring 2010, the proprietor of most of the country of New South and the developer of the country every bit good open the competition between interior decorators to happen the solutions and do the vision for the site and the victor is a squad on the Italian bureau planning Studio Associato Secchi-Vigano . Furthermore, Nieuw Zuid has an appropriate place in the metropolis of Antwerp. It creates the flexible joint between the 19Thursdaycentury metropolis and the present storage and the south issue composite of the Antwerp ring. To be more item, the country of the site is divided into four parts included: quays, undertaking Niew Zuid, Resruimtes and Konijnenwei. Nieuw Zuid are designed to be a mix-used territory – Covering more or less 2000 houses – 20000 to 40000 square metre are spent for local comfortss. -40000 to 70000 square metre will be local installations and offices. – Commercial maps occupy about 20000 square metre ( stores, eating houses, †¦ ) Green countries is one of the most critical standards that the Antwerp metropolis and Developer want to pay more attending in this country. Because the proportion of green infinite inside the metropolis is deficient. Therefore, 15 estates of park of Konijnenwei and about 5 estates of green country and a additive park on the quays are someway can be compensation for the deficit of Antwerp metropolis. In this paper, the elements, grounds and factors of this undertaking will be analyzed, examined and compared thorough the relevant theories of station war period. Strategy ( Structure Plan of the City ) Antwerp Zuid, today, is a really dynamic country in the metropolis with many â€Å"horeca† and cultural maps. In the Structure Plan of the metropolis, the ultimate mark is to do an effort to continue, stress and better these maps with the available financess of land in the local country. The development of Nieuw Zuid undertaking is the publicity of the procedure to work and do full usage of the value of the site. Through the yesteryear, the military substructure of the Citadel is still exist and, of class, it plays an of import function in the maps of the country. Furthermore, this site is considered as a boundary, an border to split and divide the 19Thursdaymetropolis and the outer life in southern small towns. In fact, Antwerp is the 2nd biggest metropolis in Belgium, therefore the land that still keeps its ain natural feature like Nieuw Zuid is truly value. Besides, it place is straight perpendicular with the Schedts river, the lone one river run through the metropolis and that give the footing and chance to repossess this site and make new image for Antwerp City. Since 1992, the international competition and exhibition named â€Å" Stad aan de Stroom† somehow showed the ability to alter and make the vision for this country is feasibleness. At that clip, the procedure was delayed and developed by its proprietors subsequently. The chief construct of the Structural Plan mentioned about how to make strong physical links with the 19Thursdaycentury portion of the metropolis and with the binnenstad every bit good. Furthermore, it besides about how to widen the connexion between the interior land with the quays and the river every bit good. To be more specific, the purpose of the undertaking is to make a mix-used metropolis, combine all facets of lodging, commercialism, services and somehow to go a topographic point to counterbalance for the city’s lacks. Besides, the public infinite and reorganisation the Spaghetti node can be a important func tion in the manner to organize the construction of this country. Evaluation: In general, the vision, the first attempt to restitute this urban country was taken in the yesteryear and the metropolis, developers somehow acknowledge the possible the value of the site. They already pointed out all the chief elements, positions and the manner to develop Nieuw Zuid for the hereafter. Some maestro program were made and some more of import things were showed but the most critical things is how to transform all of these things in to world? Bernardo Secchi, theory about the populace sphere and theoretical edifice capacity for Structure Plan Bernardo Secchi ( 1934 ) was an designer, theoretician and urban planning. For about 50 old ages, he was ac centre of all the statements and arguments of European and Italian about the urban design. His research was placed on the discant about the infinite and society and his theory was affected by station 68 Gallic theoretician. Harmonizing to his pattern, he designed and gave programs and vision for several metropoliss in Europe, consisting Brussels, Antwerp, Milan, Lecce, Paris, etc. In 1990, he and Paola Vigano established the Studio. Harmonizing to his theory, he believes that the capacity of adjustment of signifiers of appropriation over several clip period is one of the of import facet of the populace sphere. Critical to his attack was a trust that mundane activities are able to happen merely if there was sufficient clip, supply for the new wonts to detect. Therefore the design of public infinite must implicate â€Å"†¦a slower gait, in which mundane wonts can once more lawfully play a function. Too frequently there is a refusal of the infinite of life which is a uninterrupted building site, continuously traversed by mobile populations and activities, ne'er making a recognizable stable status. There is a necessity for a narrative which, as Wim Wenders says, â€Å"protects its ain characters.† One of the ultimate mark of the metropolis Structure Plan is deriving the denseness, FAR every bit good in the urban country and stressing the urban characteristic and that is the â€Å"solid† urban countries. â€Å"Theoretical edifice capacity is based on an stock list of all unbuilt tonss in 1998. Different classs are distinguished based on their characteristics and official denomination. A first estimation was made based on the densenesss of the specific built contexts. Some Numberss were adapted based on informations deducing from new undertakings ( Nieuw zuid, Eilandji, Prestibel, etc.† ( Beginning: SECCHI, Bernardo ; VIGANO, Paola, Antwerp Territory of a new modernness, Amsterdam SUN, 2009, pp-163 ) The degree of consummation was based on a rectification component, for secret plans by the side developed roads, examined vacancy and neglect rate, edifices have a consummation rate of 30 % over a decennary and 41,4 % over a period of 15 old ages ; and even ranges to 50 % over ten old ages if holding all right economic encouragement policies. The completion rate may increase to 70 % in lodging and urban development countries. It is able to construct 15.088 lodging units over 15 old ages with economic encouragement. The Striga the type of the lodging block that used to domain the construction of the maestro program. A high spot in this figure aims to demo the function and assortment of unfastened infinites. Besides, the agreement of unfastened infinites are make a signifier to form the handiness, that is means when come ining the edifices each one have cross the public infinites. On the one manus, public infinites, unfastened infinites play a important function based on the theory, unfastened infinites are the centre of the block, the connexion between two edifices and all of these infinites are unfastened to the street. Therefore the denseness, FAR every bit good can hold topographic point to be increasing. On the other manus, the denseness of the site is ever kept the balance with the porousness. The tallness of the edifices is limited and have a good agreement, the floors of edifices is limited by the breadth of streets and the huge infinites between edifices. It is a clear rule of the Striga . Besides, the transit web strategy in this site is complicated, the new construction helps to simplify the strategy of transit. With these theory and accommodating the demands of the metropolis of Antwerp, the squad of Secchi- Vigano won the competition on September 2012. Schemes that highlight the yesteryear as a cardinal component as the present. The urban undertakings must be done that based on the peculiar survey of the history of urban of the country, typically for bing spermous undertakings and programs, whether or non they have been finished. Precedences can be set up thanks to these programs and undertakings that needed for the growing of the metropolis and stairss are pointed out for the midterm. However, the hereafter of the metropolis does non hold to history, the purpose of the urban historical survey is giving the footing information for the design to vouch the integrating with the bing metropolis. â€Å"The aspiration is to an urban linguistic communication that reflects and demo continuity and discontinuity with the Antwerp tradition. That shows that an advanced and sustainable vicinity is besides a converting piece of architecture of the city.† The Striga, public and private. A mix-used urban country, flexible mobility As an against to the functional planning of the metropolis, the sensible combination all of the maps to make a mix-used metropolis is acquiring understanding of occupants, by the manner, making this thing can hedge the struggle of all maps. Between 19Thursdayand 20Thursdaycentury, the traditional mix-used metropolis of this period was become a paradigm for planned multi-functionalism. Because of its benefits, there is a strong inclination of urban development based on the mix-used thought. Decision

Internationalizing higher education-a case study of Grantchester University Essay

Internationalization in the area of higher education has become one of the most talked about issues in recent times. In fact, in the form of internationalization of higher education one of the most important global changes of current period has been manifested. The event of internationalization of higher education is conceptualized in different ways by different people. For example, some see internationalization in the field of higher education as a normal extension of universities’ traditional commitment to learning and as a process of knowledge exchange. However, for some people internationalization is nothing but an innovative response by the universities to the opportunities in external market (Windham, 1996; Trilokekar, 2007). Whatever be the way of conceptualizing the process of internationalization of higher education, it has been accepted as an important issue in the field of higher education. One crucial issue regarding internationalization of higher education is that there is lack of theoretical studies that could provide guidelines for those universities which are thinking about going international. Actually, theoretical studies are lagging far behind the practical implementation of the process under consideration. Thus it is found that in most of the cases internationalization has a tendency to take place in an unplanned and incremental way (Welch and Denman, 1997; Wit, 2002) and hence it posses various problems and challenges to the management of the institution which is undertaking the process of internationalization. Here a case study will be conducted to identify one key challenge that a University management can face while they implement the technique of internationalization in the field of higher education and provide recommendation to solve the issue using theoretical knowledge and empirical evidences. For the purpose of this study Grantchester University of UK will be taken under consideration as the university has taken an important step to go international. It has made effort to internationalize its educational system. It has undertaken a program for providing higher education to the students residing in far flung places by sending its faculty to those places. This paper will analyse the case study of Grantchester University in order to find a single key challenge the management of the university is facing and to find a way out. First, a rigorous analysis of the case study will be provided, then a key challenge will be identified on the basis of the analysis and finally a strategy will be recommended and justified on the basis of existing management and organizational theories and empirical evidences. Analysis of the case study: Grantchester University is a relatively new university in the North of England. It is a quite large institution which was created through the merger of three colleges having root going back to 1880 – a teacher training college, a technical college and an art school. In 1983, a Business School was formed under the flagship of the then Grantchester Polytechnic. This business school under Grantchester University will be examined. This business school eventually has grown to build the largest faculty in the present university with having 4,000 full time students with 500 being registered on postgraduate programmes. As a part of the process of internationalization, in the last few years the senior management of the business school has negotiated a number of collaborative agreements with overseas universities, primarily in an effort to take advantage of the opportunities presented in an increasingly globalised higher education sector. As in case of most of the British universities, in Grantchester University also the proportion of overseas students studying has been increasing gradually, particularly in the business school. In this segment around 10 percent of undergraduate students and around 40 percent of postgraduate, 75 percent of which are full time post graduate students, are coming from outside of the European Union. However, the senior management has identified a number of factors which are making further expansion of ‘international’ teaching in the university campus sproblematic. These factors include the size of the current university campus and cost of land in the city, the perceived carrying capacity of the city of Grantchester, the increasingly problematic economic environment, increasing competition from universities in countries providing the ‘traditional’ source of overseas students to the UK, for example in China, India etc. , and the changing immigration regulations. Thus the management has started to concentrate on another alternative program for becoming internationalized in the field of higher education. The business school is now paying more attention on sending its academic staffs overseas to teach there in collaboration with local staffs. Actually delivering educational program overseas has become a new trend in the field of higher education and the university vice chancellor is quite aware of the trend and hence she has decided to deliver some of university’s more popular educational programmes overseas, either in new campuses overseas or in some sort of partnership with local universities. The Business School was first chosen to follow this path of internationalization because of its size and the perceived strength of its programmes to pilot the strategy. The management of the business school has designed courses that are generally delivered to full time as well as part time students overseas. All overseas teaching is conducted in partnership with local colleges which are based in the country of delivery. Under the current teaching module developed by the management a faculty member of the University is generally employed for overseas teaching on a two year attachment in each country of operation. Every study module is delivered to the students through the partnership of a module teacher sent by the University and a local teacher. The module teacher of Grantchester has to visit the partner college and give a series of lectures to students and attend seminars over a single week. During this single week visit he also conduct meeting with partner teachers in order to devise strategy of staff development. Then it is the responsibility of the partner teacher to conduct tutorials and seminars supporting and building on the block sessions. Although assessment materials are prepared by the module tutor, student work is marked by the partner tutor, with only 10 percent sample of student work being moderated by the module leader. In order to have efficient course delivery the management has to arrange overseas trips for the faculties and teaching schedule in such a way that courses are delivered in timely manner. The management provides allowance for business class travel to the faculties. The faculty members who are scheduled to go overseas are required to book tickets at least three months in advance through the Associate Dean responsible. Staff wishing to have alternative arrangements approved on an exceptional basis must seek approval from the associate Dean responsible. Both FT and PT delivery modes consist of 6 nights maximum accommodation overseas and 6 nights disturbance allowance at the approved rate (currently ? 50. 00 per day). The current model is however not free from problems. A number of problems are associated with this current module of overseas teaching. Faculties of Grantchester who have already visited other countries for the purpose of delivering study module have expressed their grievances over certain issues. Last minute scheduling of overseas trips for the faculties have been a major problem for the management. The current system of organizing trips to overseas seems to be ad hoc in nature which is creating problem not only to the higher authority but also to the faculties who are assigned the trips on short period notice. During the case study it has been found that the management was dealing with the problem of arranging academic staffs for some particular session as the management did not able to find out academic staffs who could participate in that session even when only one and half months remained in the hand of management where the program necessitates booking of flights three months before the delivery schedule. The management was looking for some one who was under profiled as the business school was not in a position to pay for overtime. Although the management some how managed to get required staffs for sending overseas for that particular session, this kind of ad hoc nature of scheduling trips create huge problems for faculties as they have to go other countries for delivering course module on short period notice. Another problem associated with the issue of scheduling trips is that management is quite idle in informing faculties about any changes in the scheduled trips on an emergency basis. For example, in 2008-09 for the February session Peter Smith was supposed to leave to deliver course module to the students of Star College on 8th February, but due to some problem the lectures that were scheduled to be given on WC February 9th got cancelled and the lectures were rearranged on WC February 16th. The management, however, did not bother to let Peter know about this change as soon as the decision was taken by the management. He was informed two weeks later giving him only little time to change his flight booking. Last minute scheduling of overseas tours also provides the faculties with little time for preparing themselves for teaching overseas students. They get little time to get acquainted with the course module and get confused about what to deliver to the overseas students. One the faculty members who has already gone through this problem has described his experience. He suffered the problem of this kind of ad hoc nature of planning in his very first trip to overseas. This faculty member was asked to go to Far Off to deliver the induction programme for the first cohort of students on a very short period notice. He received the email only two weeks before he needed to fly out. He was provided with the paperwork, i. e. the course material only before he left for the trip so that he could read it on the plane, and hence he hadn’t had the chance to prepare or fully understand what was being proposed in the documentation. He wasn’t aware of the course structure or even the module content. It seemed crazy, but the authority wanted him to run a week of course induction for the new students and had drafted him the course material at the last minute. As he did not get enough time to prepare himself for delivering course material, the quality of teaching according to him was not up to the mark. The management is also suffering with problem of delivering allowances to their faculty members on time for their trips to overseas. The university is liable to pay allowances for traveling and accommodation to the faculty members. But the case study has revealed that some faculty members were not provided with the stipulated allowances even after a long time of since completing their visits. For example, according to a faculty member although the travel arrangements and the hotel accommodations were satisfactory, it was three months since she returned and still had not received her expenses and disturbance allowance. Not only that, she also did not have any clear idea regarding how to chase these up. It is the responsibility of the university management to offer a clear idea regarding all aspects of these overseas tours and providing allowances no time. She did not bother very much about the issue of reimbursement and expressed her satisfaction over the trip and expressed her wish to go for another one as it was only her first trip. But if she faces this kind of reimbursement problem everytime she goes overseas for fulfilling the goal of internationalization of the university, she might not be ready to continue this or this could negatively affect the quality of teaching as she will not be sure about whether she will be paid off for delivering lectures. For any international teaching organization, success depends on the quality of teaching. In recent times many organizations many educational institutions are going for internationalization with an aim to cash in on new market opportunities and least bother about providing high quality education. Looking at these kind of intentions of most of the international educational organizations, a number of countries are making some regulations for overseas universities running programs in those countries. Granchester University is also confronting this problem in some of the countries where it has been running its overseas programmes. For example, Ethnocentrica, one of the countries that Grantchester has been teaching in, has recently introduced tighter regulation of overseas universities running programmes there. This is, at least in part, because of concern that such teaching is perceived as primarily a means of cashing in on the growth in education globally. A number of universities operate in Ethnocentrica and the government is worried by the growing number of complaints about poor quality teaching and assessment. One of the key regulations stipulates that overseas universities must provide full Professors for all teaching of university courses delivered in Ethnocentrica in order to enhance teaching quality. But the problem with Grantchester is that it employs only few full professors as they are more interested in research work and the university is basically a teaching university which does not pay much attention on research works. A key challenge to the University management: Through the rigorous analysis of the case study presented above, one thing has come out that all the problems discussed above would result in deterioration in the quality of teaching which is essential for an international organization like Granchester University. It is one of the vital responsibilities of the management to ensure that the faculty members offer quality teaching to overseas students. All the problems revealed through the case study ultimately boils down to a vital problem relating to the quality of teaching. Thus it is the issue of providing high quality teaching to overseas students that is posing challenge to the management of the University. The university authority requires to manage its human resources, i. e. the academic staffs in such a way that quality teaching can be provided. This issue of providing high quality teaching is extremely important and relevant fro conducting the process of internationalization efficiently.